The Museum was established in 1869 and is incorporated in the vast complex of the basilica of San Lorenzo which, being the parish church of the Medici family, was particularly richly decorated. It is accessed from the back of the church.
The Museum is especially famous for the New Sacristy designed and realized by Michelangelo and the Chapel of the Princes a octagonal chapel, with its immense dome, that was begun in the early 17th century to become the mausoleum of the Medici grand-dukes. It is entirely faced with polychrome marble and pietre dure.